How Much of Russia’s $300 Billion in Reserves Are Frozen in the West, and Where Are They Located?

Following the deployment of troops by President Vladimir Putin into Ukraine in 2022, a series of measures were implemented by the United States and its allied nations. These measures entailed imposing restrictions on transactions involving Russia’s central bank and finance ministry, effectively impeding access to approximately $300 billion worth of sovereign Russian assets in Western jurisdictions.

According to the Financial Times, it has been proposed by the United States that working groups comprised of representatives from the Group of Seven (G7) leading industrialized countries should examine potential strategies to capture said funds effectively.

The inquiry pertains to the identification, location, and potential ramifications of certain assets and the hypothetical scenario of their confiscation and subsequent actions that Russia could undertake in response.

Reserves of the Central Bank

Like other central banks, the Bank of Russia has strategically allocated a portion of its gold and foreign exchange reserves towards highly liquid assets, including major currencies, gold, and government bonds. Approximately 50% of the reserves above were located in the western region.

The central bank has officially confirmed that a substantial sum of approximately $300 billion in assets has been subjected to a state of freeze within Western jurisdictions. At the specified period, the aggregate value of Russia’s foreign currency and gold reserves amounted to $612 billion.

Russian President Vladimir Putin has made allegations asserting that the Western nations have initiated an economic conflict against Russia. Furthermore, he has characterized the freezing of the reserves as theft.

The decision made by Central Bank Governor Elvira Nabiullina to allocate a significant portion of the bank’s reserves to a frozen state has garnered criticism from certain factions with nationalist inclinations.

What’s Been Frozen?

The Russian central bank has refrained from providing a comprehensive breakdown of the assets that have been frozen. However, by examining the documents that outline Russian holdings at the onset of 2022, a general understanding of the situation can be inferred.

During that particular period, the central bank of Russia possessed a substantial portfolio of assets denominated in various currencies. Specifically, the bank held approximately $207 billion worth of euro assets, $67 billion worth of U.S. dollar assets, and $37 billion worth of British pound assets.

Furthermore, the entity possessed a diverse portfolio consisting of $36 billion worth of Japanese yen, $19 billion worth of Canadian dollars, $6 billion worth of Australian dollars, and $1.8 billion worth of Singapore dollars. The organization’s holdings in Swiss francs amounted to approximately $1 billion.

The gold reserves of the Russian Federation were primarily stored within the nation’s geographical boundaries.

Investments denominated in yuan are typically held within the borders of the People’s Republic of China.

Where Did the Assets Come From?

The central bank of Russia has not resorted to employing intricate networks of nominal holders to conceal its assets, thereby ensuring that the process of identifying said assets will be smooth.

Most assets, including those belonging to private Russian individuals, have been subjected to freezing measures at depositary institutions.

Is This the Ultimate Confiscation?

Russian officials have consistently emphasized that the act of state confiscation of assets is incongruent with the fundamental tenets of free markets.

According to a senior Russian official who spoke to Reuters on the condition of anonymity, what decision will be made remains to be seen. Protecting private property has long been regarded as an enduring principle that has sustained societies throughout centuries.

Certain Russian officials have proposed that in the case of Russian asset confiscation, foreign investors’ assets held in specialized type “C” accounts within Russia may potentially encounter a similar outcome. Certain foreign assets have been subject to effective restriction within the C accounts.

The precise amount of funds within these accounts remains uncertain, albeit Russian authorities have indicated that it resembles the $300 billion worth of frozen Russian reserves.

In a recent statement, Finance Minister Anton Siluanov highlighted the presence of substantial funds within the C accounts.

Dmitry Peskov, the official spokesperson for the Kremlin, expressed Russia’s intention to contest any potential confiscation through judicial means legally.

According to Peskov, if an item is confiscated from our possession, a thorough assessment will be conducted to determine the nature and extent of the items that may be subject to confiscation. The task at hand shall be promptly executed without delay.